On the Sinicization of Buddhist temple architecture from the primitive Buddhist grottoes to the layout of Chinese Buddhist temples and pagodas

[Abstract]   Through the elaboration of the layout and architectural characteristics of primitive Buddhist grottoes and related historical sites, this paper analyzes the formation and characteristics of the pattern of Chinese Buddhist temples and pagodas, analyzes the process of Chinese transformation of Buddhist temple architecture, and through the author's more than ten years of planning and design research and practice, inherits and innovates the exploration of Oriental architectural aesthetic design, Looking forward to the future and trend of temple architecture in China.

Case: shengzhulin temple in Songshan

Shengzhulin temple is located in Songshan Mountain, Henan Province, with a planned land area of 81.4 hectares and an architectural design area of 288505 square meters. According to the existing text, Zhulin temple is one of the most famous monasteries in Songshan Mountain and one of the Dharma preaching sites, known as "shengzhulin Temple". The terrain within the planning area is mountainous, with a large drop between the East and the West. The highest drop between the East and the west is nearly 52 meters, and the drop between the north and the south is about 57 meters. The building construction has not been planned, the building density is low, and the population is sparse. The supporting conditions of residents' infrastructure are not perfect or not at all, the quality of life is low, and the road traffic in the site is not systematic.
Case: JIAYE hall, Jizushan, Yunnan

The project is located in Jizu mountain, Yunnan Province, in Binchuan County in the east of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture. Jizu mountain, one of the five famous Buddhist mountains, has a planned land area of 30 mu and an architectural design area of 6539 square meters. It is a famous Buddhist holy land in Southeast Asia. JIAYE hall, with its back resting on Jizu mountain and its front overlooking the valley, is high and steep, so far there are no cars. All materials are carried by people and horses. The overall plan makes full use of the mountain terrain, retains and improves the existing buildings, and adds new bell and Drum Tower and Shanmen hall; Next to a tree and a stone is the meditation center. On the edge of the cliff are the closed center and the fumigation Center for observing the sunrise and the sky in the morning and at night. A tree and a stone, a flower and a tree, a day and a month, a mountain and a water all embody the simple artistic conception of Zen.
2、 The origin, formation and development of the layout and architecture of Chinese Buddhist temples
The time when Buddhism was introduced into China is not clear. It usually started with the establishment of Baima Temple by the Ming emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty. After it was introduced into China, it was constantly integrated with Chinese culture and had a profound impact on Chinese philosophy, literature and art.
For thousands of years, Buddhist temples have been sinicized and perfectly integrated with Chinese traditional culture. The layout of temple buildings reflects the changes of Chinese philosophy and aesthetic concepts and the integration with other civilizations. It is a history of garden art. Nowadays, the remains of ancient architecture in Tang and Song dynasties are mainly grottoes, temples and garden buildings, which are distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu and other northern regions.
Buddhist temples have gradually transformed from the earliest grotto temples to the Chinese style of temples, towers and courtyards, which have experienced distinct historical and regional characteristics.
From the fourth century to the eighth century, the architectural art of Indian Buddhism spread to the East. In Northwest China, such as Kuqa in Xinjiang, Dunhuang in Gansu, Yungang in Shanxi, Longmen in Henan, Nanxiang mountain in Hebei and Xiangtang mountain in Hebei, the existing ancient grottoes were first constructed by absorbing the plastic art of Indian grottoes. Dunhuang Grottoes is one of the relatively complete Grottoes in China. It has been excavated for more than 1000 years from the Northern Wei Dynasty, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, song and Yuan Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty.
The form of caves in the Northern Wei Dynasty all imitated the system of Indian grottoes. In front of the grottoes, there was a "human" shaped drapery, which was a vestibule for worshiping Buddha. In the back part of the grottoes, there was a niche pillar (central pillar), which was used for worship in accordance with the Indian custom. There are about two kinds of caves in Sui and Tang Dynasties: one is to use the form of niche column in Northern Wei Dynasty; One is that the center is flat and wide, and there are cage walls on three sides. Later, the construction increased. In order to save labor, the niche column was changed into xumizuo and screen to create a form of cave.
At first, Chinese grottoes were built in imitation of the system of Indian grottoes, mostly in the Yellow River Valley in northern China. From the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) to the Sui Dynasty (581-618) and the Tang Dynasty (618-907), it was the heyday of cave digging, especially in the Tang Dynasty, many large grottoes were built, which gradually decreased after the Tang Dynasty. The excavation of Grottoes in China began in the 3rd century and flourished in the 5th-8th century. It can be divided into three regions: Xinjiang, the north of central China and the south of China.
In addition to the Buddhist temple and monk's room, there are also Pagoda Temple caves with central pillars or Buddha statues. Dunhuang Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes are the three representatives of China's grotto temples and are among the best Grottoes in the world.
2.1 Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties: the beginning and germination of the Sinicization of temples
Sui and Tang Dynasties were an important period for the development of Buddhism in China. At that time, the ruling class and the people invested a lot of human, material and financial resources in the construction of Buddhist temples, pagodas and grottoes. Sui and Tang Dynasties are the budding period of Buddhism in China, with the emergence of Tiantai Sect, Faxiang sect, Huayan sect, Pure Land Sect, Zen sect and Tantric sect. Therefore, there are a lot of Buddhist buildings. Before the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Buddhist temples usually built pagodas in front of the temple or in the center of the courtyard. After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it became popular to build giant Buddha statues, and Buddhist temples generally replaced pagodas.

2.1.1 along the Silk Road, the bridgehead of Buddhism's eastward introduction into China: Thousand Buddha cave in Kizil, Xinjiang
Kizil Grottoes, also known as Kizil thousand Buddha cave, is located on the North Bank of the Weigan River Valley 8 km southeast of Kizil Township, Baicheng County, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It was built in the 3rd century AD and is the earliest Buddhist grottoes excavated in Chinese history. In ancient times, today's Baicheng county is located in the transportation hub of the ancient Silk Road. It was once the political, economic and cultural center of the western regions. Buddhism was first introduced into Xinjiang from India, then into the Central Plains. The grottoes began to be excavated in the late third century and gradually declined in the late eighth century. The grottoes are divided into Guxi, gunei, Gudong and Houshan districts, which stretch for 3 kilometers. It includes architecture, sculpture and murals. The murals reflect a wide range of contents. In addition to religious contents, there are also many contents showing farming, hunting, business travel, music and dance, and national features, such as the painting of "cattle ploughing" and "hoeing ploughing" in Kizil thousand Buddha cave. It not only reflects the customs of the ancient country at that time, but also records the spread process of Buddhist culture. Kizil Grottoes murals, both the influence of Han culture, but also the absorption of foreign culture, is the first stop for the Central Plains culture to accept the western region culture.
2.1.2 the transformation of buddhist frescoes and temple architecture from western region style to Chinese style: from Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu, Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang in Henan to Dazu Grottoes in Chongqing
Through the ancient road of Qin and Han Dynasties, the Silk Road and the ancient road of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the bridge of Buddhist cultural exchange between the East and the West was built. Dunhuang Grottoes in Gansu Province include Mogao Grottoes, xiqianfo cave and Yulin grottoes. Among them, Mogao Grottoes, commonly known as thousand Buddha cave, is the representative of Dunhuang Grottoes. Mogao Grottoes is located 25 kilometers southeast of Dunhuang city and on the cliff at the eastern foot of Mingsha. It is the largest and most abundant Buddhist art and historical and cultural treasure house in China and even in the world. The cave was first excavated in the second year of Jianyuan (366 A.D.) of the pre Qin Dynasty. It has experienced more than 1000 years of creation, development and decline of more than ten dynasties in Chinese history, including sixteen states, Northern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Zhou, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, song and Xixia. The early development of grottoes inherited the characteristics of Buddhist sculpture in the western regions, followed some styles of Gandhara art, combined with the Central Plains culture, became an important starting point of Chinese fossil cave sculpture, and was a monument in the process of the development of Buddhist sculpture in China and nationalization.
The Northern Wei Dynasty moved its capital to Luoyang, but did not give up the tradition of worshiping Buddhism. Longmen Grottoes were excavated before and after Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital to Luoyang (AD 494). It went through the eastern and Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Qi Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and even the Song Dynasty. It was built on a large scale for more than 400 years. It is densely distributed on the cliffs of the East and West Mountains of Yishui. It is one kilometer long from north to south. There are more than 97000 Buddha statues and more than 1300 grottoes. There are 2345 caves, more than 3600 inscriptions and inscriptions, more than 50 pagodas and more than 100000 statues. Emperor Xiaowen's "overall Sinicization" of the Northern Wei Dynasty is also reflected in the Buddhist statues, which abandon the extensive and heroic characteristics of nomadic people and strive to pursue the meticulous and elegant style of the Han people. Longmen Grottoes witnessed the whole process of Buddhism's localization.
Chongqing Dazu stone carving is located in Chongqing City, Sichuan Province. It covers Dazu County, Tongnan County, Tongliang County and Bishan County. Here you can enjoy the stone carving art of Tang and Song dynasties in China. Dazu stone carving group has more than 70 stone sculptures, with a total of more than 100000 bodies. Among them, Baoding mountain and Beishan cliff carvings are the most famous. They are mainly Buddhist statues, and the statues of Confucianism and Taoism are displayed together. They are the models of the late Chinese grottoes. With their grand scale, exquisite art and rich contents, they can be as famous as Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Yungang Grottoes and Longmen Grottoes. In the works of the late Tang Dynasty, the characters are dignified and full-bodied with simple clothes and smooth lines. The works of the Five Dynasties period are exquisite and colorful, and their clothes are from simple to complex. They gradually get rid of the influence of foreign culture and have the characteristics of the transitional period of stone sculpture. The national characteristics of the works of Song Dynasty are very prominent.
2.1.3 relics of the prosperous Tang Dynasty and glory of the prosperous state of Haidong: from Dayan Pagoda in Xi'an, Shaanxi to Shideng building in Bohai State in Ning'an, Heilongjiang
Dayan Pagoda is located in dacien temple in jinchangfang, Chang'an city of Tang Dynasty (now south of Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province), also known as "cisien Temple Pagoda". In the third year of Tang Yonghui (652), Xuanzang presided over the construction of the big wild goose pagoda to preserve the Buddhist scriptures brought back to Chang'an by Tianzhu via the silk road. The first five stories were covered to nine stories, and then the number and height of the later stories were changed several times. Finally, it was fixed to the seven story pagoda, with a height of 64.517 meters and a bottom side length of 25.5 meters.
Dayan Pagoda, as the earliest and largest brick Pagoda with Square Pavilion style in Tang Dynasty, is the typical material evidence that the pagoda, the architectural form of ancient Indian Buddhist temple, was introduced into the Central Plains with Buddhism and integrated into the Chinese culture. It is a landmark building embodying the wisdom of ancient Chinese working people. At first, the Dayan Pagoda imitated the shape of the western region's sodu slope. It was built by master Xuanzang himself, with brick surface and earth core. It could not be climbed. Later, after reconstruction and repair, it gradually evolved from the original shape of the western regions to the brick imitation wood structure with the characteristics of the Central Plains architecture, and became a Pavilion tower. This process vividly reflects the introduction of ancient Indian Buddhist architecture into China and its gradual Sinicization. Dayan Pagoda is one of the symbols of Chang'an City in Tang Dynasty. The stone tablets "preface to the three Tibetan saints of the Tang Dynasty" and "preface to the three Tibetan saints of the Tang Dynasty" further prove the history of the spread of Buddhism on the Dayan Pagoda and the silk road.
The stone lamp building in the ancient temple is called stone lamp, stone pagoda, stone incense stove, stone lantern, etc. This pagoda is the only complete and famous Buddhist stone carving preserved in the period of the Bohai Sea kingdom in Tang Dynasty. The original height was 6.4 meters. Later, the original brake was damaged, and now it is 6 meters high (it is said that 16 meters, such as Baidu data, are all called 16 meters, which is suspected to be misjudged - Notes of Anton Laowang). It is made of 12 carved basalt. The whole building is exquisitely carved. It is composed of Tasha, Xianglun, tower cover, tower room, lotus support, middle pillar, lotus seat and base. The tower cover is shaped like pavilions and pavilions, with octagonal points and carved ridges and tiles. The hollow tower room is also octahedral, and Dougong is carved at the junction of the tower cover, which has the characteristics of Chinese wood structure. Buddhism prevails in the Bohai Sea, and the stone lighthouse is a typical work of Buddhist stone carving art. It is a representative treasure of stone carving in the Bohai Sea, and also a physical example of Bohai culture accepting the influence of Central Plains culture.

2.2 Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty -- the formal formation of Chinese style "Dian Ta Yuan"
2.2.1 Song Dynasty, Liao Dynasty and Jin Dynasty -- the golden age of Buddhist temples in China: from Longxing Temple in Zhengding, Hebei to Fengguo temple in Yixian, Liaoning
Longxing Temple is located in dongmenli street, Zhengding County, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei Province, covering an area of 50000 square meters. It is an earlier, larger and well preserved Buddhist temple complex in China. Longxing Temple was built in the sixth year of kaihuang (586) of Sui Dynasty, which was called "longzang Temple" at that time. It was renamed "Longxing Temple" in the early Song Dynasty. Zhao Kuangyin, the Taizu of the Song Dynasty, ordered the bronze Bodhisattva statue to be cast in the temple in the fourth year of Kaibao to be expanded. Since then, the temple has been expanded in yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, but the layout and style of the Song Dynasty have been maintained. During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty, it was named "Longxing Temple". Apart from the two stele pavilions in Longxing Temple, almost all of them are Song Dynasty buildings, which is one of the only remaining examples of Song Dynasty buildings in China.
Fengguo temple is located in Yixian County, Jinzhou City, Liaoning Province, China. It was built in 1020, the ninth year of Kaitai of Liao Dynasty. It was named Xianxi temple at the beginning, and later changed to Fengguo temple. Fengguo temple covers an area of about 60000 square meters. Fengguo Temple flourished in the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Only the main hall remained in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the Qing Dynasty, six horned Bell Pavilion, four horned stele Pavilion, Wuliang hall, memorial archway, xiaoshanmen and Xigong temple were built. Fengguo temple is one of the three existing temples in Liao Dynasty in China. Its landmark ancient building, Daxiong hall, is the largest Buddhist hall left in ancient times. There are the oldest and largest clay colored Buddha statues in the world in the hall. The main building of Fengguo temple, Daxiong hall and the temple as a whole, is the most typical example of Liao and Jin temples. Among them, Daxiong hall is the highest achievement of Buddhist architecture in Liao Dynasty, representing the highest level of Chinese architecture in the 11th century.
2.2.2 integration of Buddhist temple architecture in Liao and Jin Dynasties and Song Dynasty
From Chongfu temple in Shuozhou to Yingxian Wooden Pagoda
Chongfu temple is located in the north of the East Street in the old city of Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province. It is an ancient temple with large scale and gregarious halls. Covering an area of more than 23400 square meters, it was founded in the second year of Linde in the Tang Dynasty (AD 665). It was built by the general of the Tang Dynasty, the people of Shuozhou and Yuchi Jingde, the Duke of Hubei. In Liao Dynasty, it was changed into an official office; At the end of the 10th century, it was rumored that there was a spirit fire in the temple, disturbing the master, so it was returned to the monk temple and renamed linya temple; In the Jin Dynasty, it was renamed Chongfu temple. It was built in the later dynasties of Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty. Chongfo temple is famous for its architecture, sculpture and mural in Jin Dynasty.
Yingxian wooden pagoda is the Sakyamuni pagoda, which is fully known as the Buddhist temple. Located in the Buddhist temple in the northwest of Yingxian County, Shuozhou City, Shanxi Province, Sakyamuni pagoda is the highest, oldest and only existing wooden tower building in China. It is also known as the "three wonders of the world" together with the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy and the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The height of the pagoda is 67.31 meters, and the diameter of the bottom layer is 30.27 meters. The design of Yingxian Wooden Tower boldly inherits the heavy building form with rich national characteristics since the Han and Tang Dynasties, makes full use of traditional architectural techniques, and widely uses the bucket arch structure. The whole tower shares 54 kinds of bucket arches, and each bucket arch has a certain combination form. Some form beams, squares and columns into a whole, and each floor forms an octagonal hollow structure layer. With scientific and rigorous design, perfect structure and exquisite workmanship, it is a building with national style, national characteristics and religious requirements, which has reached the highest level in ancient Chinese architectural art.
From Foguang temple in Wutai County, Shanxi Province
The main hall of Foguang temple is located on the hillside of foxing mountain, about 5km northeast of nantaidou village, Wutai County, Shanxi Province. It was built in the period of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty. It was destroyed when Huichang of the Tang Dynasty destroyed the Dharma. It was rebuilt in 857 because of the promotion of Buddhism by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. It has a history of more than 1000 years and is listed as one of the top ten Buddhist temples. The existing wooden structure Hall of Tang Dynasty, integrating statues, murals, ink and architecture, is one of the second earliest wooden structure buildings found in China (only next to the main hall of Nanchan temple in Wutai County). It is called "the first national treasure" by the famous architect Liang Sicheng.

2.3 Ming, Qing and Republic of China: the development and maturity of the localization of Buddhist temples in China
2.3.1 Ming and Qing Dynasties: North South exchange, Sino Tibetan integration
From Dabaoen temple in Nanjing to Zhihua temple in Beijing
Dabaoen temple in Nanjing is an outstanding representative of royal temple architecture in Ming Dynasty. It is located in dongchangganli, south of Nanjing city. The glazed pagoda of Dabaoen temple was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty. It was built by Zhu Di, the founder of Ming Dynasty, in memory of his biological parents according to the standard of royal palace. In addition to repaying his parents' kindness, one of the important reasons Zhu Di built the tower was that Nanjing was an important window of the Empire to the outside world. He wanted to tell the world that Daming had always adhered to the idea of "sharing the blessings of peace in the world" through this pagoda representing goodwill, and the glass tower undoubtedly undertook the "business card" of delivering friendship to the outside world. In 1655, with the visit of the Dutch East India Company's mission, the glass pagoda of Dabaoen Temple began to be popular in Europe. John newhoff, the group painter of the East India Company, painted several paintings of the glass pagoda. Later, they were published in Europe in the form of copperplate and travel notes, which quickly set off a round of "pagoda fever" and became a symbol of Chinese culture, which was popular for hundreds of years.
Zhihua temple is located in the north of lumicang East Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing. In the early Ming Dynasty, Wang Zhen, the eunuch of Si Li, imitated the regulations of "Jialan Qitang" in Tang and Song dynasties in 1443. It was initially a family temple, and later named "Baoen Zhihua Temple". The roof tiles of the main buildings in the temple are paved with black Liuli ridge animals. Although they have been repaired for generations, the beam frame, bucket arch and color painting still maintain the characteristics of the early Ming Dynasty. Zhihua Temple faces south from the north. Its layout has the characteristics of Ming Dynasty, while its architectural style retains the obvious characteristics of the transition from Song Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasty, which is the first architectural style of Qing Dynasty.
From Potala Palace to Yonghe Palace
Compared with the Buddhist temples in Ming Dynasty, the Buddhist temples in Qing Dynasty have their own characteristics, which are more obvious. Most of the Buddhist buildings in Qing Dynasty originated from Tibet, and the most famous example is Potala Palace.
Potala Palace in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet on the MB RI Shan, is a famous palace style architectural complex, the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art. Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by King Songzanganbu of Tibet for Princess Wencheng of Tang Dynasty who married in Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain in Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. The palace is built on the mountain, covering an area of 410000 square meters and a construction area of 130000 square meters. The Potala Palace is the winter palace of the Dalai Lamas of all ages. It is also the ruling center of the local rulers of Tibet in the past. Since the fifth Dalai Lama, major religious and political ceremonies have been held here. At the same time, it is also the place where the pagodas of the Dalai Lamas of all ages are worshipped. The Potala Palace is built by the mountains, the buildings are overlapping, the palace is magnificent and magnificent. It has the potential of being born in the sky and penetrating the sky. The solid and thick granite wall, the flat white grass wall collar of matsutake, the golden roof, and the huge gilded precious bottles, buildings and prayer flags with strong decorative effect are in contrast with each other. The three colors of red, white and yellow are in sharp contrast The layers of building forms reflect the charming characteristics of Tibetan ancient buildings. Potala Palace is an outstanding representative of Tibetan architecture. It is also the essence of Chinese ancient architecture.
Yonghe temple is located in the northeast corner of the inner city of Dongcheng District of Beijing, which is the east of Yonghe Temple Street. It is the largest Tibetan Buddhist temple in Beijing. From south to north, there are five main halls in the Yonghe palace, including the heavenly king hall, the Yongyou hall, the Falun hall, and the Wanfu Pavilion. Among them, the Falun hall and the Wanfu pavilion are the most splendid. On both sides, there are Drum Tower, bell tower, stele Pavilion, lecture hall, Mizong hall, Yaowang hall, West Hall, Jietai building, Panchen building and other buildings, which are symmetrical with each other, forming a Lamaism temple with complete layout and integrating Han, Manchu, Mongolian and Tibetan architectural characteristics.
2.3.2 three illusions in the Republic of China: the reform and influence of master Xuyun, master juxu and Master Taixu on the modernization of Chinese Buddhist temple architecture
Master juxu and the pattern and architecture of Buddhist Educational temples in Northeast China: Harbin Buddhist College
Harbin Buddhist College, formerly known as the Buddhist College of the blissful temple, was founded in 1924 by the founder of the blissful temple in Harbin. Due to historical reasons, it was suspended in 1945 and resumed in 1990 after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee. In 2002, master Jingbo served as the abbot of the blissful temple and concurrently as the dean of the college. He led the Buddhist College to hold high the banner of patriotism and love for education. He established the whole system, adhered to education and promoted law, and devoted himself to educating talents. The popularity of the Buddhist college is growing and it has been recognized by the state and the educational circles. In August 2015, the State Bureau of religious affairs officially approved the change of the name of the Buddhist College of blissful temple to Harbin Buddhist College. So far, the only Buddhist College approved by the state in Northeast China is full of vitality. In the eyes of educators, it has a long history and influence as well as the blissful temple. Harbin Buddhist College cultivates a large number of qualified Buddhist emergency practical talents, which is beneficial to the country and the people.

The influence of master Xu Yun's and thatched cottage's meditation ideas on the layout and architecture of Temples: Jizu mountain in Yunnan and Nanhua temple in Guangdong
As one of the top ten disciples of the Buddha, Jizushan is praised by the Buddha as the first Buddha and the first ascent. It is also the place where mahagaya, the first generation patriarch of Zen Buddhism, guards his clothes and enters the tranquility. Today, it is widely respected by Buddhists all over the world, and master Xuyun has contributed a lot. Xuyun Zen master (1840-1959), a native of Xiangxiang County, Hunan Province, is a Zen master with a common surname of Xiao and a name of Guyan, whose name is Deqing. After he was 60 years old, he changed his name to Huanyou and named Xuyun. The temple built by Zen master Xuyun in Jizu mountain was named "Zhusheng Huguo Temple" by Emperor Guangxu. Liang Qichao, Sun Wen and others also inscribed the temple. Zen master Xuyun once successfully persuaded Li Gengen, who came to destroy the temple in Yunnan, to pick up the powerful Dharma protector of Buddhism. In accordance with the "hundred zhangqinggui", the system of selecting sages from ten directions was carried out in Zhusheng temple. The old rules and bad habits were eliminated, and a strict monk group system was established to attract monks from all over the world. He stayed in Jizushan for 15 years, and he was a great monk who made the greatest contribution to Jizushan in modern times.
Nanhua temple is located on the Bank of Caoxi, 7 kilometers southeast of MABA Town, Qujiang District, Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province, about 24 kilometers south of Shaoguan City. It is known as "the first treasure temple in East Guangdong". Nanhua temple is one of the famous Buddhist temples in China. It is also the birthplace of Huineng, the sixth patriarch of Zen, who advocated "Southern Zen". Nanhua temple was built in the first year of Tianjian (502 A.D.) of emperor Liangwu in the northern and Southern Dynasties. In the third year of Tianjian, the temple was built, and Emperor Wu of Liang granted it the name of "Baolin Temple". Later, it was renamed as "Zhongxing Temple" and "Faquan Temple" successively. In the first year of Kaibao in Song Dynasty (968 AD), the song Taizu granted "Nanhua Chan Temple", and the temple name has been followed up to now. Because the sixth patriarch of Zen preached Buddhism here, it is also called the sixth patriarch's Daochang. Nanhua temple, with a construction area of more than 12000 square meters, is composed of caoximen, fangshengchi, baolinmen, Tianwang hall, Daxiong hall, sutra Pavilion, Lingzhao tower, liuzu hall, etc. Except Lingzhao tower and liuzu hall, all the buildings were rebuilt by monk Xuyun after 1934. Huineng, the sixth patriarch of Buddhism, founded Zen here. Zen is an original creation of China and a typical Chinese Buddhism. There is only Zen in Indian Buddhism, not Zen.
Master Taixu's modernization of Buddhist rituals and its impact on the layout and architecture of Temples: Nanputuo temple in Xiamen
Nanputuo temple is located under the five old peaks in the southeast of Xiamen City, Fujian Province, adjacent to Xiamen University and facing the Bicheng harbor. The temple covers an area of 258000 square meters and a building area of 212700 square meters. Built in the late Tang Dynasty, it was called Sizhou temple. It was renamed Puzhao temple in the reign of song Zhiping. In the early Ming Dynasty, the temple was deserted, and it was not rebuilt until the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. Because it worships Guanyin Bodhisattva, it is similar to the Guanyin Taoist temple in Putuo Mountain of Zhejiang Province. It is also named "South Putuo Temple" in the south of Putuo Mountain. It is one of the Buddhist resorts in Southern Fujian.
The main buildings on the central axis of nanpusui temple are Tianwang hall, Daxiong hall, Dabei hall and Sutra Pavilion. On both sides of the temple are the bell and Drum Tower, the Zen hall, the guest hall, the storehouse, the Minnan Buddhist College, the Buddhist Yangzheng academy, the release pool in front of the temple, and the "Taixu master memorial tower" newly built behind the temple in recent years. The whole temple is magnificent and orderly.
Master Taixu is a famous monk in the period of the Republic of China. He took the lead in putting forward the revolution of Buddhist doctrine, system and production. He founded the modern Buddhist theory with life Buddhism as the core, organized the Buddhist improvement movement, promoted the modern development of Chinese Buddhism, and promoted the modern Buddhist theory of China to the world. He actively advocated life Buddhism, and actively promoted the philosophy of life Buddhism abroad.
Three. One belt, one road, globalization, and the practice and output of Buddhist temples design.
3.1 creative practice of different periods
3.1.1 Tang Dynasty style: Wanghai temple, Dongtai, Wutai Mountain, Shanxi

The project is located in Wutai Mountain in Wutai County, Xinzhou City, Shanxi Province, which is subordinate to Wutai County, Xinzhou City, and 230 km away from Taiyuan City, the provincial capital, in the southwest. The project is the overall planning and design project of Wanghai temple, and the design site is located at the top of Wanghai peak, Dongtai, Wutai Mountain. Scope of land use: the construction area is 67892 m2, the planning land is irregular shape, and the main building is built according to the mountain.
3.1.2 Bohai style of Tang Dynasty: Bohai temple in Ning'an, Heilongjiang Province

On March 20, 2015, the Religion Bureau of Heilongjiang Province (heizonghan 2015) approved to prepare for the establishment of Bohai Buddhist temple in Ning'an city. The temple is located on the Mudanjiang River in the west of Ning'an County, at the foot of Jiming mountain. On the west side of Dashiqiao cultural relic reserve, the planned land area is 5.0541 hectares (75.6 mu) and the total planned land area is 20.01 hectares (300.2 mu).
3.1.3 Song Dynasty style: foyushan temple, Longmen, Guangdong

The project is located in Longmen County, Huizhou, on the coast of Dongjiang River in the south central part of Guangdong Province, with subtropical monsoon climate, low and medium mountains and hilly landforms, close to mountains and water, and S2 provincial road in the north. The total planned land area of the project is about 130 mu, the total construction area is about 28089 square meters, the maximum width from north to south is 260 meters, and the maximum length from east to west is 600 meters. The plan is designed according to the mountain terrain, facing east and West (31 ° by North West). The axis of the hall starts from Shanmen hall, and the layout is Tianwang hall, Guanyin hall, Daxiong hall, Fatang (Sutra Library) and relic tower.
3.1.4 Jin Dynasty style: Jinling temple, Acheng District, Harbin

Jinling temple is located at the foot of Jinlong mountain, Jinlongshan Town, Acheng District, Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province; The temple is 72 kilometers away from Harbin City and 30 kilometers away from the central area of Acheng District. The planned area of the temple is 158.85 mu. The main hall holds about 800-1000 people, and the Zen hall holds 500-1000 people. A multi-functional hall with large space will be built to hold large-scale Buddhist forums and serve as a building (Conference Center) for Heilongjiang Province to hold national Buddhist events (covering an area of 1500-2000 m2).
3.1.5 Ming Dynasty style: Qilin temple, Fuding, Fujian

Qilin temple is located at the foot of Aofeng mountain, 2.5km away from the western suburb of Fuding City, Fujian Province. It was first built in the third year of Tianfu (938) of the later Jin Dynasty. It was repaired in song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The existing FA hall, Tian Wang Hall and Da Xiong hall cover an area of 750 square meters.
3.2 creative practice of regional style
3.2.1 from Yangtze River basin to Himalayas
Case: ancient Buddhist temple in Yichang, Hubei

The project is located in Yichang, Hubei Province, with planning land area of 2800 square meters and architectural design area of 8032 square meters. The ancient Buddhist temple block is the intersection area of Zhongshan Road Pedestrian Street and Sixin road. The block faces east and West. The terrain is high in the East and low in the West. It is rectangular. The East-West long side is 70 meters, and the South-North short side is 40 meters.
Case: Jialan temple, Wuxue, Hubei

Jialan temple is located in the riverside area of Wuxue, Hubei Province, China, with a planned land area of 38 square meters and an architectural design area of 48 square meters. It consists of two halls, one Liao and one courtyard. It is made of local materials. It is mainly made of common bricks and stone. It adopts the building style of green brick platform and the combination of square and palace. The facade of the building has enough lighting and ventilation to improve the building energy efficiency.
Case: Mingyin temple in Qingpu, Shanghai

The master plan of Mingyin temple in Qingpu District of Shanghai is located in Qingpu District. Scope of land use: the total planning land area is 33333 m2, the construction land area of phase I is 6663 m2, the planning land is rectangular, the main body of the building is combined with the countryside, and the plant is dense in the site. According to the requirements of Party A's style orientation, this scheme is based on the palace style of Song Dynasty, takes the multi-functional needs of modern temples as the principle, studies and draws lessons from other historical materials, existing architectural literature of Song Dynasty, and modern Temple cases, and forms a temple architecture integrating classical elements and combining ancient and modern song style. Through the base of the ground floor, the palace group with the main hall, the scattered layout of the buildings, the axial symmetry of the buildings and other elements to highlight the majestic appearance of the palace buildings and the characteristics of stability. The design uses design elements such as main hall and side hall to improve the appearance level of the building and the reasonable layout of space use. The color of the building is mainly red and gray, supplemented by green decoration in some parts. The overall architectural style directly reflects the cultural symbol of "rejuvenation of Buddhism", and Mingyin temple will be the most typical representative of "rejuvenation of Buddhism".
Case: Gemeng temple, Shiqu, Ganzi

Gemeng temple is located in Sichuan Province, about 4100 meters above sea level. It has a plateau climate with low temperature, long winter, short frost free period, less precipitation, distinct dry and rainy seasons, high light intensity and abundant sunshine. Planned land area: 900 mu (0.6k m2)   The total construction area is 65622 square meters. The planning area of BEICI project is 900 mu (0.6 square kilometers). The design combines with the nature: plateau climate, Houshan and Qianhe wetlands and natural energy; The design combines tradition: the characteristics of Tibetan Buddhism and Ningma school, the traditional cold area construction technology and Tibetan traditional customs; Design integration and Innovation: green building technology, building sound and light environment and smart temple.
3.2.2 from Beijing, China to Bangkok, Thailand
Case: Beijing Dayuan Temple

Dayuan temple is located in Yujia Hutong, Huaxiang, Fengtai District, Beijing. According to research, it is a Qing Dynasty building. In 1999, Fengtai District government announced it as a district level cultural relics protection unit. Planning land area: 12.3 mu, architectural design area: 9957 square meters. Dayuan temple has a long culture. According to its historical culture and current situation, we put forward the design concept of "Yuanrong Tongda, Jindu Jindian". On the basis of retaining the original building for expansion, the style of the new building and the original building remain unified and integrated.
Case: Thai cultural center

The cultural center of Thailand is located in the city center of Bangkok.   The planning area is 29005 square meters. Design tasks include 4800 square meters of super theater; Black box theater 5000 square meters; 3D / 4D theme cinema, 200 square meters; 800 square meters of conference room and reception room; Cultural information center and electronic library 650 square meters; 1100 square meters of public restaurants and canteens; 700 square meters of souvenir shops, kiosks and convenience stores; Cultural Center Management Office 500 square meters; The workshop covers 5000 square meters. The design practice focuses on the nature and humanity, and comprehensively analyzes the historical context, regional culture, site characteristics, climate, hydrology and other aspects of the project site. Thailand's culture and art is long-standing, rich and multi-level. The expression of cultural elements in architecture and architectural space requires in-depth study of Thailand's history, humanities and art to find suitable design elements and refine the concept of culture and art design.
3.2.3 from Asia to America
Case: master plan of the northern part of the Holy Garden of Lumbini, Nepal

Nepalese Holy Garden of Lumbini (North District), with a planning area of 12271 mu, 5000 m long and 1636 m wide. Nepal is the birthplace of Buddha. It has the longest history of Buddhist culture. It has a special position in the hearts of Buddhists in the world and even in the global cultural field. Lumbini holy garden is a modern Buddhist cultural holy land for Buddhists all over the world to carry out pilgrimage religious activities, Buddhist cultural exhibitions, Buddhist studies, collation of Buddhist classics, cultivation of Buddhist talents, learning Buddhism and self-cultivation.
Case: chuogh monastery in white plains, New York, USA

3.3 creative practice of sub language style
3.3.1 Tibetan style of Ningma sect: Baiyu Huayan Temple, Mahayana, Nepal
Case: Baiyu Huayan Temple, Mahayana, Nepal

Mahayana Baiyu Huayan Temple in Nepal is located in the valley of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal, at the confluence of bagmati River and bixingmati river. The planned land area is 3.5 mu, and the architectural design area is 3479 square meters. The Baiyu Mahayana Huayan Temple is located in the shady side of the mountains, with a vertical elevation difference of about 6 meters.
3.3.2 fusion style of Han, Mongolian and Tibetan: Guangji temple in Hulunbuir

Guangji Temple project is located in bayankuren, chenbalhu banner, Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia   The core area in the north of the town, the undeveloped city square and comprehensive development land in the west of the base, and the grassland in the north. Planning land area: 84.6 mu, architectural design area of 14315 square meters, Guangji temple has Shanmen hall, Daxiong hall, Dharma hall and some monk houses. It is planned to retain the main hall, the gate hall and the wall with good architectural conditions, renovate and paint them, and integrate them into the overall architectural complex of the temple.

conclusion
1、 In the future, the Sinicization of Buddhist temple architecture is the inheritance and innovation of Chinese classical aesthetics and modern science and technology, leading the world trend.
With the progress and application of China's high technology and engineering technology, Chinese temples and Buddhist buildings will combine the engineering technology progress of structure, materials and construction technology, and the digital technology progress of Internet technology, artificial intelligence and big data. In the interaction of Buddhism and science, temple buildings will combine engineering with art, and modern materials with traditional aesthetics, The future Sinicization of temple architecture is the development of science and technology, intelligence, energy conservation and humanization, which will produce more new temple and Buddhist architectural styles in contemporary China and lead the global fashion.
2、 Chinese temples and Buddhist buildings have become a new form of Chinese culture export to the world, and a new platform for countries to connect with Chinese economy and study Chinese culture.
One belt, one road, advocated by China, is the world's common destiny and is welcomed by the world. From the early "labor export" and "product export" to today's "capital export", "science and technology export" and "cultural export", China's renaissance has attracted worldwide attention. Docking with China's economy and studying Chinese culture have become the conscious pursuit of more countries. So far, as a mission of "inheriting Oriental architectural aesthetics", druan has received Temple planning invitation from Thailand, Nepal, India, the United States and Australia. Chinese temples and Buddhist architecture have become a new form of Chinese culture exporting to the world. In the communication between the East and the west, the export of Chinese temple forms and Buddhist architecture will become a new form of Chinese culture export and a new platform for countries to study Chinese culture.
reference
one   Ren Jiyu, ed. history of Chinese Buddhism [M]. Beijing: China Social Sciences Press, 1985
Tang Yongtong. History of Buddhism in Han, Wei, Jin and southern and Northern Dynasties. Beijing: Kunlun publishing house, 2006
three   Liang Shuming. Liang Shuming on Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Nanning: Guangxi Normal University. 2004
4. Ji Xianlin. Ji Xianlin on Buddhism. Beijing: Huayi publishing house, 2006
5. Liang Qichao. Eighteen Buddhist studies. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1989
Fan Jiu, Suzuki. Religion and Japanese society. Trans. Niu Jianke. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 2005
Wang Yueqing. Research on Chinese Buddhist ethics. Nanjing University Press, 2004
8. Liu Dunzhen. A survey of the Tathagata Hall of Zhihua temple in Beiping. Journal of China construction society, 1932, 3 (3)
9. Liang Sicheng, Lin Huiyin. Miscellany of Pingjiao architecture. Transactions of China construction society. 1932,3 (4)
10. M.C. Josh. Overview of Buddhist architecture in Indian rock carvings. Trans. Yang Fuxue. Dunhuang studies. 1995, (2)
About the author: Zhang Xun, male, President and senior engineer of Beijing deluan architectural planning and Design Institute

Beijing deluan architectural planning and Design Institute is a reliable professional design institute with international vision. Since its establishment in 2009, it has formed five advantageous business sectors, namely urban design, cultural tourism scenic area, religious architecture, Zen garden, decoration design and theater architectural design.

High quality design has won many honors at home and abroad

The design of Baoqing temple in Xianghe, Hebei Province won the first prize of best architectural design awarded by China National Architecture Research Association in 2017（ Click to view the planning scheme of Baoqing Temple)

In the international competition for the design of national cultural center of Thailand organized by the Thai Ministry of culture from 2019 to 2020, druan won the first prize, won the cordial reception of Princess Sirindhorn, the royal family of Thailand, and completed the architectural engineering design with super theater as the main body（ Click to view the planning scheme of Thailand Cultural Center)

In 2019, he was invited to work out the master plan for Wanghai temple in Dongtai, Wutai Mountain, one of the four famous Buddhist mountains in China（ Click to view the planning scheme of Wanghai Temple)

In 2019, he was invited by the Nepalese government to prepare a master plan for the northern part of the Holy Garden in Lumbini, the hometown of Buddha（ Click to view the planning scheme of the Northern District of Lumbini Holy Garden)

Contact: 138 1010 4901 (same number of wechat)

Email: xzhang@deluangroup.org

QQ：914201599

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